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English: Following the defeat of Antiochus VII (died 129 BC) against Parthia, Syria contracted to the west of the Euphrates.[1] Parthia established the river as its western border and included Osroene.[2] To the north, the kingdom of Commagene bordered the Euphrates in the East, Cappadocia in the north (and included Melitene (Malatya) in its borders), the Amanus range in the west and Syria in the south (where Zeugma was the first Syrian city).[3] In the west, Cilicia between the Calycadnus river (Göksu) and the Orontes valley was under the rule of the Seleucids;[4][5] the Romans established a province of Cilicia in 102 BC but it did not include areas geographically in the region and the city of Side was the eastern point of that province.[6] In the south, Galilee fell to Judae except for the coastal city Ptolemais (Acre);[7][8] the latter remained part of Syria until the end of the Seleucid dynasty in 64 BC,[9] and it was the base for Antiochus X's widow Cleopatra Selene,[10] who was probably a resident of the city when her husband died.[11] Gadara was the Kingdom's southern city.[12]
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  1. ↑ Hogg, Hope W. (1911) "Mesopotamia" in The Encyclopedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, 18 (11th ed.), New York. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue, p. 184 OCLC: 1303014.
  2. ↑ Kia, Mehrdad (2016) The Persian Empire. A Historical Encyclopedia, Empires of the World, 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 55 ISBN: 978-1-61069-390-5.
  3. ↑ Goell, Theresa (1996) "Ancient Sources and Previous Scholarship" in Sanders, Donald H. , ed. Nemrud Dagi. The Hierothesion of Antiochus I of Commagene - Results of the American Excavations, 1: Texts, Eisenbrauns, p. 22 ISBN: 978-1-57506-015-6.
  4. ↑ (1988). "A Hoard of Aegean Tetradrachms and the Autonomous Tetradrachms of Elaeusa Sebast". Museum Notes 33: 85. The American Numismatic Society. ISSN 0145-1413.
  5. ↑ (2009). "Seleucid Campaign Beards". L'Antiquité Classique 78. l’asbl L’Antiquité Classique. ISSN 0770-2817.
  6. ↑ (2011). "The Route Taken by Cilicia to Provincial Status: When and Why?". Olba: The Journal of Research Center for Cilician Archaeology 19: 268, 273. Mersin University Publicattions of the Research Center of Cilician Archaeology [KAAM]. ISSN 7667 1301 7667.
  7. ↑ Chancey, Mark A. (2002) The Myth of a Gentile Galilee, Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series, 118, Cambridge University Press, p. 45 ISBN: 978-0-511-48792-7.
  8. ↑ Smallwood, E. Mary (1976) The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian, Brill, p. 15 ISBN: 978-90-04-04491-3.
  9. ↑ Goldmann, Zeev (1975) [1970] "Accho" in Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, 1, Prentice-Hall, p. 15 ISBN: 978-0-132-75115-5.
  10. ↑ Kadman, Leo (1961) The Coins of Akko Ptolemais, Corpus nummorum Palaestinensium, IV, Schocken Publishing House, p. 21 OCLC: 716861188.
  11. ↑ Whitehorne, John (1994) Cleopatras, Routledge, p. 169 ISBN: 978-0-415-05806-3.
  12. ↑ Fitzgerald, John Thomas (2004) "Gadara: Philodemus' Native City" in Philodemus and the New Testament World, Supplements to Novum Testamentum, 111, Brill, p. 363 ISBN: 978-9-004-11460-9.

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